Blog - Renso Art

The Zygomatic Bone: How the Cheekbone Shapes Light, Form, and Expression in Portrait Painting

I’ve always cared about studying anatomy, but I realized I learned even more when I started teaching at the art school ESFA San Pedro de Cajas(2018). Watching students struggle with understanding facial planes made me see things from a new angle. Many of them found it difficult to grasp how light transitions into shadow—from the cheek area down to the jawline. One bone is largely responsible for this shift: the zygomatic bone.

To help them understand it better, I began to structure some of our drawing sessions around comparing the zygomatic bone to the planar head. This helped students see how, from this bone outward, the head begins to turn and create volume. It became a powerful way to bridge anatomy and form — not just identifying the bone, but understanding how it shapes the face in space.

🧠 What Is the Zygomatic Bone?

Anatomically, the zygomatic bone is a paired facial bone located on each side of the face. It forms the prominence of the cheek, part of the outer rim of the eye socket, and contributes to the zygomatic arch (the bridge connecting to the temporal bone near the ear).

Its placement forms a bridge between the front and side planes of the face — making it one of the most structurally defining elements in portraiture.

🎨 Why the Zygomatic Bone Matters in Portrait Painting

1. It Separates Key Planes of the Face

One of the most important things for a painter to understand is how planes of the face change direction and catch light differently.

The zygomatic bone acts as a ridge where:

The frontal plane of the face (forehead and midface) meets the
Lateral plane (side of the head and cheek).

This creates an edge that, even when softened by fat and skin, is almost always visible through shifts in light and tone. It’s this transition that helps define the form — and gives the head its three-dimensionality.

In a well-lit portrait, you’ll often notice:

A highlight on the cheekbone,
A midtone just above and below it,
And a shadow underneath (especially near the masseter muscle and lower cheek).

Understanding and observing this plane break gives your portraits structure and realism — even if you’re painting in a loose or expressive style.

2. It Helps You Anchor Facial Features

The cheekbone helps establish important proportional relationships:

It defines the width of the midface,
Helps place the eyes correctly in their sockets,
Guides the outward flare of the nostrils, and
Acts as a lower border for the orbital cavity.

This makes it an essential landmark, especially when the head is turned or tilted. In three-quarter or profile views, the zygomatic arch becomes even more visually prominent, casting subtle shadows and catching light that help you define volume.

3. It Adds Personality and Likeness

No two cheekbones are alike. The shape, height, and projection of the zygomatic bone are essential parts of what makes a face look youthful, aged, masculine, feminine, or ethnically distinct.

For example:

High, prominent zygomatic bones are often seen in fashion or idealized portraits.
Softer or lower cheekbones may appear more subtle or rounded, especially in fuller faces.
Age affects the volume of the soft tissue around the cheekbone, altering its visibility and form.

By observing and carefully rendering the unique contour of the cheekbone, you capture a vital part of the subject’s identity.

4. It Influences Expression Through Musculature

The zygomatic bone is not just a sculptural landmark — it’s also a foundation for expression. Two major muscles responsible for smiling and facial emotion attach directly to it:

Zygomaticus major
Zygomaticus minor

When someone smiles, these muscles pull the corners of the mouth upward and outward, emphasizing the cheekbone’s form. Even in a neutral expression, the pull of these muscles and their placement can affect how shadows form across the face.

🛠️ Practical Tips for Painters

Observe Planes and Transitions

Use lighting setups that emphasize form — like a 45° angle light source or Rembrandt lighting — to study how the cheekbone divides the face into planes. Squint your eyes to simplify values and notice how the light changes across the zygomatic ridge.

Study the Skull

Spend time sketching or sculpting the skull, especially the zygomatic area. You’ll begin to see through the skin when painting real faces, giving you more control and believability in your work.

Use the Loomis Method or Reilly Rhythms

Both Loomis and Reilly methods emphasize the zygomatic arch as a structural marker when constructing the head. In Loomis’s method, the side plane of the head starts just where the cheekbone turns away. In Reilly’s rhythms, the flow lines pass over the cheekbone, linking it visually to the nose and mouth.

Keep It Subtle in Soft Faces

In younger or fuller faces, the zygomatic bone may not be sharply visible — but it still affects how light and shadow behave. Even the hint of a plane change can anchor the structure of your portrait.

🎯 Final Thoughts

The zygomatic bone is far more than just a cheekbone — it’s a key to unlocking facial structure, capturing light accurately, and portraying the unique character of your subject.

By understanding its form, position, and function, you can breathe life into your portraits and elevate your work from flat to fully dimensional. Whether you’re painting in oils, sketching in graphite, or sculpting digitally, the zygomatic bone is one of your most trusted anatomical allies.

Seeing the Skull in Planes – My First Anatomy Class

I still remember my very first anatomy class — not because it was technical or intimidating, but because it opened my eyes in a way that changed how I saw every face after that.

On the table in front of us were two objects: a human skull, and a planar head sculpture — the one used in classical drawing classes to simplify the face into basic geometric forms. At first, they looked like opposites. One was organic, bony, a symbol of mortality. The other was simplified, almost robotic, made up of planes and angles like a blocky mask.

But then the instructor asked us to do something: “Look for the similarities, not the differences.”

And suddenly, it clicked.

The zygomatic bone — the cheekbone — became the flat triangular plane under the eye socket. The brow ridge formed a hard, sloped plane that transitioned into the forehead. Even the jawline, which I always thought of as round and curved, revealed a set of angular planes that echoed the structure beneath the skin.

I just painted the upper image on a livestream on YouTube, you can watch it here

That class taught me that anatomy isn’t just about memorizing bones or muscle names (but tried anyway). It’s about seeing structure, understanding how form turns in space, and realizing that every great portrait is built on what’s underneath.

To this day, whenever I paint a portrait, I think back to that skull and that blocky sculpture. And I try to find the balance — the harmony between the reality of bone and the abstraction of planes and practice drawing the planar portrait.

That’s where portraiture lives.

I use this website to see a skull in 3d

Skull For Reference by HEC on Sketchfab

Mastering Facial Structure for Oil Painters: Planes, Anatomy, and the Art of Realism

In my second year at the School of Fine Arts, we started focusing on portraits — drawing them at night, painting in the mornings, and studying anatomy in the afternoons. It was all synchronized to help us get the most out of our training.

I remember trying to memorize every bone and muscle in the face. Don’t do that — I wasted so much time. I wish I had spent that time drawing the bones and muscles instead of trying to recall their names, which I still don’t remember.

Don’t worry about understanding the bone or muscle structure at first — just draw them.
The more you draw the skull, the more you’ll begin to see the bone structure beneath the skin. Drawing is like reading: the more you revisit the same book, the more you understand and remember.

Capturing the human face is one of the most challenging — and rewarding — artistic pursuits.

To achieve true realism—or even expressive stylization—you must understand both the geometric planes of the face it means simplified the face into planes and the underlying anatomy that shapes them.

Visit: https://www.rensoart.com/mastering-planes-of-the-face-a-complete-guide-to-painting-portraits-with-depth/

Part 1: The Planes of the Face – Simplifying Complexity

Before diving into anatomy, painters must first grasp the major planes that define facial structure. These planes act as a roadmap for light and shadow, helping artists render form convincingly.

Key Facial Planes in Oil Painting

Forehead Plane – A broad, slightly rounded surface that transitions into the temples. The supraorbital ridge (brow bone) marks a subtle shift in plane.
Orbital Planes (Eye Sockets) – Deep-set, concave areas that influence how light wraps around the eyes.
Nasal Planes – The nose is not a single shape but a series of angular shifts:

The bridge (frontal plane)
The sides (descending into the cheeks)
The tip and nostrils (with subtle curvature)

Zygomatic (Cheekbone) Planes – The most prominent forward-facing planes, affecting how light catches the face.
Maxillary & Mandibular Planes – The upper and lower jaw define the structure around the mouth and chin.
Chin Plane – A protruding form with subtle curves, often overlooked in beginner studies.

Painter’s Tip: When blocking in a portrait, start by massing in these planes with a mid-tone underpainting (such as burnt umber or raw umber). This establishes the foundational light logic before adding color.

Part 2: The Anatomy Beneath – Why It Matters for Oil Painters

The planes don’t exist in isolation—they are shaped by bones, muscles, and fat. Understanding these structures allows for more convincing rendering, especially in subtle transitions and aging faces.

1. Bony Landmarks Every Painter Should Know

Frontal Bone – Dictates forehead curvature.
Zygomatic Arch – The cheekbone’s prominence affects the face’s width and light reflection.
Nasal Bones – Determine the nose’s angle and bridge structure.
Maxilla (Upper Jaw) – Supports the nasal base and upper teeth.
Mandible (Lower Jaw) – Defines the chin and jawline sharpness.

Painter’s Insight: In older faces, bone resorption (loss of bone mass) causes the jawline to recede, altering the planes dramatically.

2. Muscles That Shape Expression & Form

Facial muscles stretch, compress, and fold the skin, creating dynamic forms. Key muscles for painters:

Orbicularis Oculi – Wraps around the eyes, creating folds in laughter or squinting.
Zygomaticus Major & Minor – Pull the mouth into a smile, stretching the cheeks.
Corrugator Supercilii – Creates frown lines between the brows.
Masseter – A thick muscle that bulges when clenching the jaw.
Mentalis – Puckers the chin (seen in doubt or tension).

Painter’s Tip: When painting expressions, observe how muscles pull the skin and create shadows (e.g., nasolabial folds in a smile).

3. Fat Pads & How They Affect Light

Fat distribution varies by age, gender, and genetics, influencing softness and shadow:

Buccal Fat Pad – Gives youthful roundness to cheeks.
Nasolabial Fat – Creates the “smile lines” that deepen with age.
Submental Fat – Softens the jawline (important for rendering realism in portraits).

Painter’s Insight: In older faces, fat loss leads to hollower cheeks and sharper transitions between planes.

Part 3: Applying Planes & Anatomy in Oil Painting

Step 1: Structural Sketching (Grisaille or Imprimatura)

Start with a toned ground (e.g., a warm gray or burnt sienna wash).
Use a brush or charcoal to map the skull structure before adding planes.
Indicate major shadow blocks where planes turn away from light.

Step 2: Blocking in Planes with Limited Palette

Use a monochromatic underpainting (raw umber + white) to establish values.
Keep edges softer in fleshy areas (cheeks, lips) and sharper on bone (brow, jawline).

Step 3: Layering Flesh Tones with Anatomical Awareness

Youthful Skin: Subtle transitions, softer edges, warmer highlights.
Aged Skin: More pronounced planes, sharper shadows, cooler undertones in recesses.
Gender Differences: Male faces often have more angular planes, while female faces retain softer fat distribution.

Step 4: Final Refinement – Bringing Life to the Portrait

Add subsurface scattering (thin layers of translucent reds/ochres) for realistic skin.
Use broken color (impasto in highlights, glazes in shadows) for depth.
Sharpest details (eyes, lips) should align with anatomical landmarks.

Conclusion: The Painter’s Journey into Facial Mastery

Great portraitists—from Rembrandt to Sargent—knew that light follows anatomy. By studying both the planes and the structures beneath, oil painters can move beyond superficial representation into true realism and expressive depth.

Want to go further?

Practice skull studies to internalize bone structure.
Paint age progressions to see how planes shift over time.
Experiment with different lighting (Rembrandt, split, butterfly) to see how planes react.

Now, pick up your brushes—your next portrait awaits!

Understanding the Color Planes of the Face

Bring depth, light, and life to your portraits through color awareness.

I remember my first portraits were pretty light. Even though I liked some of them, the reason they didn’t feel complete was that they lacked contrast, my shadows weren’t dark enough, and the colors were too muted. I can’t blame my teachers, though; I clearly remember one of them repeating over and over where to place the colors on the face. But back then, my main goal was to capture the likeness and include as many details as possible.

Here’s my advice: don’t repeat my mistakes. Make sure your shadows are dark enough, and don’t be afraid to add more color to the face. Why are we so hesitant? In my case, I was afraid of making the shadows too dark or the colors too bright—I didn’t want the painting to look like a clown. But the sooner you embrace that challenge, the faster you’ll improve.

One essential concept in portrait painting is understanding the color planes of the face: how light interacts with the form, and how subtle color shifts define structure, mood, and realism.

🎨 What Are Color Planes?

The human face isn’t flat. It’s made of angled surfaces (planes) that catch light differently depending on their direction. Each of these planes reflects light—and thus color—uniquely. By recognizing and painting these variations, you can create a more believable, dimensional face rather than a flat or overly blended one.

🔺 Key Facial Planes and Their Color Tendencies

Frontal Planes (Forehead, Cheeks, Chin)
These areas often face the light directly and tend to reflect cooler and lighter tones, especially in natural light. You’ll often see a mix of soft pinks, peach, and neutral skin tones here.
Side Planes (Temples, Sides of the Nose, Jaw)
These turn away from the light and fall into shadow. Shadows on skin often contain cooler, desaturated versions of the skin tone—think mauves, blues, and soft grays.
Midtones (Transitional Planes)
Between light and shadow, you’ll find subtle shifts: warm ochres, muted oranges, and browns. This is where artists often lose structure—learning to preserve these transitions is key to painting believable portraits.
Planes with More Blood Flow (Nose, Cheeks, Ears)
These areas are usually warmer and redder. Blood vessels closer to the surface add a rosy tone, especially in fairer skin.
Planes Affected by Bone or Cartilage (Brow Ridge, Jawline, Nose Bridge)
These may appear slightly cooler or have a greenish or bluish undertone, especially in thinner skin types or under cooler lighting.

🌈 The “Zonal Color Theory” in Portraiture

Many traditional painters—like John Singer Sargent and Anders Zorn—understood that different zones of the face carry different dominant color temperatures:

Forehead → Yellowish (due to bone and thin skin)
Cheeks and Nose → Reddish (due to blood flow)
Chin and Jaw → Cooler or more bluish (due to shadow and beard area in men)

This approach, sometimes referred to as “zonal color theory,” helps create vibrant yet believable skin tones.

🖌️ Painting Tip: Don’t Blend Too Much

A common beginner mistake is over-blending the face, which erases the subtle changes between planes and flattens the form. Try blocking in colors with distinct edges first, then softly transition only where needed. The structure of the face is often lost in the blending—not the drawing.

👁️ Train Your Eye

Learning to see the planes of the face takes time. Try studying portrait sculptures or doing monochromatic studies (in one color) to focus only on value and form before reintroducing color. Over time, you’ll notice how light shapes the face through color, not just value.

Image suggestion: A simplified 3D model of the head with labeled planes and color zones.

Final Thoughts

Understanding and applying the color planes of the face will transform your portraits from flat to full of life. Light, form, and color all work together to create the illusion of depth. As you practice, you’ll begin to see the face not just as a collection of features, but as a landscape of subtle color and form.

Want to practice color planes with guided feedback? Join my next portrait painting session where we break down the head step-by-step. [Learn more →

Facial Highlights and Bone Structure: A Guide for Artists

Understanding how light interacts with the bone structure of the face is essential for any artist aiming to create realistic, dimensional portraits, knowing where to place highlights can dramatically enhance the lifelike quality of your work.

In this article, we’ll explore the key areas of the face where highlights naturally appear due to the underlying bones—and why they matter.

Highlights and Bone Structure of the face

Why Bone Structure Matters in Portrait Lighting

Light doesn’t fall evenly across the face. It catches on the protruding parts of the skull, such as the brow ridge, cheekbones, and the bridge of the nose, creating areas of brightness—or highlights.

These highlights aren’t just decorative—they help describe form, suggest volume, and guide the viewer’s attention.

If you place highlights based only on instinct or guesswork, your portrait might look flat or “off.” But when you understand the structure beneath the skin, your lighting becomes more believable—even stylized art gains depth.

10 Key Facial Highlight Areas (Due to Bone Structure)

Here’s a breakdown of where highlights tend to appear most naturally:

1. Forehead (Frontal Bone)

The upper center of the forehead catches light easily, especially under overhead lighting. This area is typically broad and slightly curved, making it a natural reflector.

2. Brow Ridge (Supraorbital Ridge)

Just above the eyes, this bony ridge creates a subtle shelf. It catches light from above and defines the top of the eye socket.

3. Bridge of the Nose (Nasal Bone)

This slender ridge is often the brightest point in portrait lighting, particularly in front or 3/4 views.

4. Cheekbones (Zygomatic Arch)

One of the most prominent facial structures. Highlights here define facial width and contour. The exact placement varies depending on lighting direction and facial angle.

5. Tip of the Nose

Though cartilage-based, the tip reflects light strongly. A small, sharp highlight here can suggest skin texture and shine.

6. Cupid’s Bow & Upper Lip (Philtrum)

The curve of the upper lip, especially the cupid’s bow, often reflects light subtly—especially when the skin is slightly moist or under soft lighting.

7. Chin (Mental Protuberance)

Depending on chin shape and the light source, this can be a strong or subtle highlight. It often helps balance the light hitting the forehead.

8. Jawline

Though not always directly highlighted, the jawline reflects light differently depending on the head’s tilt. It’s especially visible in profile or under-rim lighting.

9. Above the Eyelids (Orbital Rim)

This area softly reflects light, helping to shape the eyes and give them dimension.

10. Sides of the Face (Temporal Region)

If the light source is from the side or above, this area can pick up a gentle gradient highlight—important for framing the face.

Tips for Painting Highlights Naturally

Soften edges: Highlights are rarely sharp. Unless you’re painting a moist or oily surface, keep transitions smooth and gradual.
Avoid white: Pure white can flatten your highlights. Try using a slightly warmer or cooler tone to keep them integrated into the skin.
Consider the light source: A single strong source (like sunlight) creates more defined highlights. Diffused or ambient light softens them.
Use subtle shifts: Sometimes, less is more. A slight change in value can suggest structure just as effectively as a bright highlight.

Practice and Observation Are Key

The best way to master facial highlights is through practice and keen observation. Study real faces under different lighting conditions. Paint from life or use references with clear directional light.

Understanding how bone structure affects highlights will give your portraits more realism, drama, and presence.

Final Thoughts

Great portraiture isn’t just about capturing a likeness—it’s about bringing structure to life through light. Once you start seeing the face as a landscape of planes and angles, your approach to highlights will never be the same.

Keep painting. Keep observing. And don’t be afraid of a little shine.

The Warm Glow of Light Through Skin: Understanding Subsurface Scattering in Art

Have you ever noticed how, on a sunny day, the edges of your fingers glow with a warm red or orange hue when you hold your hand up to the light? Or how a portrait seems more lifelike when the ears or nostrils show a subtle flush of warmth? This visual effect isn’t imagination—it’s a natural phenomenon called subsurface scattering, and it plays a powerful role in bringing realism and warmth to your artwork.

In this article, we’ll explore what subsurface scattering is, how it appears in real life, and how you can capture it effectively in your paintings or drawings.

What Is Subsurface Scattering?

Subsurface scattering happens when light penetrates the surface of a translucent material—like human skin—bounces around beneath the surface, and then exits at a different point. As the light travels inside the skin, it interacts with blood, tissue, and fat, which tint it with warm colors such as red, orange, and pink.

Unlike opaque surfaces where light reflects directly, subsurface scattering gives skin a soft, glowing quality, particularly in strong lighting conditions. This glow is most visible when light shines through parts of the body, rather than directly onto them.

When and Where You’ll See It

You’re most likely to notice this effect under direct sunlight or a strong backlight. Some common areas where this warm glow appears include:

Fingertips and hands (when held against the sun)
Ears, especially the outer edge (helix)
Nostrils and the tip of the nose
Cheek edges and jawline
Toes and knees (in strong lighting)

These are all areas where the skin is thinner and where light can pass through more easily. In some cases, even candlelight or a soft lamp can produce a similar—though subtler—effect.

Why It Matters in Art

Capturing subsurface scattering in your artwork can transform a flat or lifeless figure into something vibrant and believable. It’s a small detail that signals warmth, life, and natural light interaction—especially important in portraits, figure studies, and scenes set outdoors.

Without it, your subjects may appear cold or artificial. With it, even stylized work can evoke a stronger emotional response and a greater sense of presence.

How to Paint or Draw Subsurface Scattering

Here are a few practical tips to incorporate this effect into your art:

1. Observe Real Life and References

Look at how the light glows through ears, fingers, and other translucent areas. Use reference photos taken in natural sunlight or backlit conditions to study the color temperature and intensity.

2. Use Warm Tones—But Not Just Red

The glow isn’t pure red—it often includes oranges, pinks, and even a touch of yellow, depending on the skin tone and light source. Blend carefully into surrounding skin to avoid a “stuck-on” look.

3. Paint Soft Transitions

The glow should fade gently into the surrounding skin. Avoid harsh edges unless the lighting is extremely dramatic. Soft brushes or glazing techniques work well in digital and traditional media.

4. Balance With Cooler Shadows

To make the warm glow stand out, balance it with cooler tones in the shaded areas—like bluish or purplish undertones. This contrast adds depth and realism.

5. Use It Sparingly

A little goes a long way. Only highlight the areas where light naturally passes through. Overusing this effect can make skin look too artificial or rubbery.

Final Thoughts

Subsurface scattering might sound technical, but it’s a visual experience we all recognize intuitively. As artists, learning to observe and replicate it thoughtfully adds subtle beauty and realism to our work. Whether you’re painting in oils, drawing with colored pencils, or using digital tools, this warm glow can be the missing piece that makes your figures feel alive.

Next time you’re sketching in the sun—or just studying your hand against the light—take a moment to notice that soft, fiery edge. It’s a small detail with a big impact.

The Power of Complementary Contrast in Portraits

🎨 The Power of Complementary Contrast in Portrait Painting

In the school of art we had painting classes which were sync with color theory classes, it was pretty good to apply what you learned in Color into oil painting, understanding complementary colors in portrait painting can be a game-changer. be patient and apply this knowledge step by step, try first with desaturated colors and move on to saturated colors painting after painting, it worked for me I hope it works for you too.

✅ What Are Complementary Colors?

Complementary colors are pairs of colors located opposite each other on the color wheel. Classic examples include:

Blue and orange
Red and green
Yellow and violet

When used together, these pairs create strong visual contrast and naturally draw the viewer’s attention — a powerful effect in portrait painting.

🎨 How to Use Complementary Colors in Portraits

Using complementary contrast doesn’t mean bold, clashing colors. It’s about applying them intentionally and harmoniously to enhance your subject. Here are a few ways to apply color contrast in portraits:

Skin tones vs. background: Warm skin tones (peach, rose, or terracotta) stand out beautifully against a cool background like teal or muted green.
Eyes and clothing: Highlight green eyes with hints of red in the background or use a violet blouse to make golden skin glow.
Light and shadow: Use warm and cool opposites to model form — for example, warm light with cooler, complementary shadows.
Mood and expression: Complementary contrasts can also create emotional tension or harmony depending on how you balance them.

🖌️ Why Complementary Contrast Matters

Complementary contrast in portrait painting helps:

Emphasize the focal point (usually the face or eyes)
Add energy and balance to your composition
Create depth without relying solely on value shifts
Make the portrait feel more lifelike and luminous

Using complementary colors effectively gives your painting a professional and dynamic quality that stands out — both on the wall and online.

💡 Practical Tip for Artists

When starting your next portrait, choose one dominant color (like warm browns or cool blues), and then introduce its complementary color subtly in the background, clothing, or reflected light. Even a small amount can create a powerful effect.

📈 Final Thoughts on Color Contrast in Portraits

Whether you’re painting realistic portraits or stylized ones, learning how to use complementary colors in portrait painting helps you guide the viewer’s eye, enhance the subject’s features, and add emotional impact.

Explore your color wheel, test combinations, and most importantly — have fun experimenting with color contrast in your art!

Map the face with light and shadow planes

Understanding the Structure Beneath the Surface

I remember my first drawings and paintings—they were full of details. I tried to paint every eyelash and every wrinkle, and I was always pretty happy with the result, even when my teachers used to say my paintings looked cartoonish and that the shadows were too light, which affected the volume of the face. I didn’t care at the time. But if you want to improve faster, stop trying to paint every single detail. You need simplification first. One of the most powerful ways to gain control and clarity in portrait art is to map the face using light and shadow planes and when you are good at that then paint all the details you want.

What Are Light and Shadow Planes?

The human face isn’t a flat surface—it’s made of intersecting planes that catch light differently depending on the form and light source. By breaking the face down into value-based planes (large areas of light or shadow), you can simplify the complexity and build a strong foundation for a realistic or stylized portrait.

Why Use Planes?

Clarity: You’re not guessing where the shadows go—you’re placing them with purpose.
Form: Planes help you sculpt the illusion of 3D on a 2D surface.
Efficiency: Fewer details, more impact. A well-mapped face reads clearly even with minimal rendering.
Lighting: You gain a better understanding of how different light sources affect facial structure.

How to Start Mapping Planes of the Face

Choose a clear light source. A single light from the top or side works best to define major planes.
Squint at your reference. This helps you see the simplified blocks of light and dark without distractions.
Identify the five main zones:
- Forehead
- Eye sockets
- Nose
- Cheekbones
- Mouth and chin
Block in flat values. Think of them as large, angular shapes. No blending—just tone masses.
Refine gradually. Once your planes are solid, you can add transitions or details, but only as needed.

Think Like a Sculptor

Imagine you’re carving the face out of clay or wood. Planes help you carve with your brush or pencil, giving volume and depth instead of outlining features. Artists like John Singer Sargent, Andrew Loomis, and contemporary concept artists all use this method to bring portraits to life.

Final Thought

Details are the dessert—structure is the main course. Mapping light and shadow planes of the face gives your work strength, believability, and style. So next time you begin a portrait, don’t dive into eyelashes or smile lines. Start with planes, and let the light do the talking.

Want to see this technique in action? Join me in an upcoming paint-along class or check out my portrait demos on http://www.youtube.com/@RensoArt

The Relationship Between Color Saturation and Transparent Shadows in Painting

To understand this rule, you need to stop thinking about copying the colors in the shadows. I remember ignoring this rule because I was trying to match the skin tones as closely as possible. I even mixed the colors with a palette knife and brought it close to the model’s face—almost touching her skin—to compare if the color was accurate. When I finally understood this rule, I stopped trying to match the colors. It had been frustrating; I never felt completely comfortable when the colors didn’t match. But once you see how a transparent shadow creates volume in your paintings, you’ll realize that the interplay between color saturation and transparency in shadows is a subtle but powerful tool that goes beyond just matching the colors.

Understanding how these elements work together can elevate your artwork—making your scenes feel more luminous, natural, and alive. knowing when and how to use saturated colors in transparent shadows will help you create depth, harmony, and mood.

🌑 What Are Transparent Shadows?

Transparent shadows are shadows where the paint is applied in a thin, allowing the colors underneath to show through. This technique is especially common in oil painting and watercolor, where the use of medium (like linseed oil, turpentine, or water) affects how much the light passes through the paint.

Transparent shadows allow painters to:

Suggest depth without heavy buildup of paint.
Achieve a luminous, glowing effect, especially when layers of color interact.
Keep the value range realistic, preventing shadows from becoming too dark or flat.

Color Saturation and Transparent Shadows

🌈 Where Does Saturation Come In?

Saturation refers to the intensity or purity of a color. Highly saturated colors are bold and vivid, while desaturated colors appear more muted or gray.

In general:

Lit areas tend to feature stronger saturation, especially when directly hit by warm or cool light.
Shadows, being areas of less direct light, are often less saturated—but not always.

Here’s where it gets interesting: shadows can still contain saturated color, especially when reflected light or colored environments influence them.

🔁 How Saturated Colors and Transparent Shadows Work Together

Contrary to the idea that shadows are always dull and gray, many artists use transparent paint to introduce rich, saturated hues into their shadows, often as a result of reflected light from nearby surfaces. For example:

In a landscape, the blue of the sky may tint the shadows a rich violet or ultramarine.
A red wall might reflect into the shadow side of a face, adding warm tones to the cooler shadow.
In still life, nearby colored objects can “bounce” light into the shadows, enriching them with saturated hues.

By keeping the paint thin and transparent, artists allow these colors to glow subtly without overpowering the shadow’s depth.

🖌️ Practical Painting Tips:

Keep shadows thin and lights thicker in paint
Keep shadow colors cooler or warmer depending on your light source—this enhances realism.
Introduce reflected local color into your shadows for harmony and color unity.
Avoid over-mixing shadow colors; this can lead to dull, muddy results. Instead, layer colors for optical blending.
Experiment with transparent pigments like Alizarin Crimson, Ultramarine Blue, or Burnt Sienna in your shadows.

🎯 Why This Matters Artist Learning Goals):

Artists who understand how to combine transparent painting techniques with saturated color in shadows will be able to:

Create more realistic and vibrant artwork
Add depth and mood to their compositions
Avoid flat or lifeless shadow areas
Improve their use of color theory in painting
Develop a professional-level understanding of light and color

Planes of the Face in Different Lighting Setups

Understanding the planes of the face is essential for creating convincing portraits. But knowing the planes alone isn’t enough—lighting determines how those planes are revealed or concealed. Different lighting setups dramatically affect how we perceive form, structure, and depth in a portrait.

There are more lighting setups than the ones I show in this article, but these are the foundation.

I used to practice with a real planar sculpture. I placed the light on the left, rotated the sculpture every 10 minutes, and sketched with charcoal. After five drawings, I moved the light to the right and repeated the process. It was a practice we used to do once a week. do not think about perfection maybe you will find this exercises pretty stressful but practice always pay off.

These are the three lighting setups I practiced as a student, we will see how—front light, rim light, and Rembrandt lighting—interact with the planes of the face. Whether you’re drawing, painting, or sculpting, learning to observe these interactions will help you better capture the illusion of form.

🎯 What Are the “Planes of the Face”?

The human face isn’t a flat surface. It’s composed of angled planes—like the slope of the forehead, the curved structure of the cheekbones, or the boxy chin. When light hits these planes at different angles, it reveals form through contrast between light and shadow. That’s what gives a portrait its 3D illusion.

🔦 1. Front Lighting (Flat Light)

I do not like this lighting, we can not see shadows but we need to practice this because we will commissions from photos with this lighting. What I just to do is darken the picture with photoshop to see midtones and shadows

Overview:

Light is positioned directly in front of the face.
Often used in photography for beauty shots or ID photos.
Minimizes shadows, giving a smooth, evenly lit appearance.

Effect on Planes:

Flattens form: Since all planes receive similar amounts of light, depth is reduced.
Subtle transitions: Shadow areas are minimal, so changes between planes become harder to see.
Good for studying color and tone, but not ideal for structural learning.

Best Use:

Reference photos for soft skin tones or subtle shading practice.
Early stages of painting to block in color without distraction.

🌗 2. Rembrandt Lighting

This one is the best for a beginner, is necessary to see contrast to separate the lights from shadows when mix colors.

Overview:

Light is placed at ~45° from the subject and above eye level.
Named after the painter Rembrandt, known for his dramatic portraits.
Creates a triangle of light on the cheek opposite the light source.

Effect on Planes:

Strong light-shadow contrast: One side of the face is lit, the other falls into shadow.
Planes facing the light (forehead ridge, cheekbone, upper lip) catch highlights, while perpendicular planes recede into shadow.
The “core shadow” (where light transitions to shadow) clearly defines the form.

Best Use:

Ideal for studying facial structure and form modeling.
Adds drama and realism to a portrait.

🌙 3. Rim Lighting (Back or Edge Light)

This one is the best when we want to be creative about color, I usually add color to one of the lights, could be orange or blue or any color or a different color for each side.

Overview:

Light comes from behind or the side, grazing the edge of the face.
Often used in cinematography and dramatic portraits.
Creates a glowing outline or “halo” effect.

Effect on Planes:

Highlights edges, but leaves the front planes in shadow.
Obscures form in the central areas of the face.
Excellent for emphasizing silhouette and profile, but poor for revealing internal structure.

Best Use:

Stylized or mysterious portraits.
Studying facial outline and gesture rather than internal planes.

🎨 Side-by-Side Summary of Planes of the face

Lighting Type	Form Visibility	Shadow Contrast	Best For
Front Light	Low (flattens form)	Minimal	Color study, soft portraits
Rembrandt Lighting	High (reveals form)	Strong	Structure, realism, drama
Rim Light	Low (edge-focused)	High at edges	Silhouette, mood, stylization

🧠 Final Thoughts

As artists, we don’t just copy what we see—we interpret and design. Understanding how lighting affects the planes of the face empowers you to choose references more wisely, control your compositions, and make more convincing portraits.

Next time you work from a reference or live model, ask yourself:
Which planes are catching light? Which are turning away? And how is this lighting setup helping—or hiding—the form?

Let light be your teacher, and the planes of the face your map.